Riesgo de infección en pacientes oncológicos colonizados por bacterias productoras de p-lactamasas de espectro extendido y enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas / Risk of infection in cancer patients colonized by extended expectrum p-lactamases and carbapenem producing Enterobacteriaceae

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia de microorganismos multirresistentes es un problema de salud pública que continúa creciendo a lo largo del mundo. Existe una población principalmente susceptible de ser colonizada y posteriormente infectarse, son los pacientes oncológicos. OBJETIVO: Identificar las características clínicas y patológicas de los pacientes oncológicos y su relación con la infección con microorganismos productores de BLEE y EPC. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se condujo un estudio retrospectivo y de carácter analítico entre el primero de enero de 2019 y el 30 de junio de 2020 en tres unidades hemato-oncológicas. RESULTADOS: Incluyó a 3.315 pacientes, de los cuales 217 (6,5%) se encontraban colonizados por microorganismos productores de BLEE y EPC; de éstos, 106/217 (48,8%) presentaron al menos un episodio de infección. El microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado fue Klebsiella pneumoniae, en 29/106 (27,4%). De los infectados, 18/106 (17%) presentaron infección por el mismo microorganismo colonizador. La mucositis (p = 0,002), edad mayor a 65 años (p = 0,041), hipoalbuminemia (p < 0,01), neutropenia (p < 0,01) y la presencia dispositivos invasivos (p < 0,01) demostraron una relación con el desarrollo de infección. CONCLUSIÓN: La presencia de hipoalbuminemia (OR 3,3, IC 1,5-7,1, p < 0,01), dispositivos invasivos (OR 5,8, IC 3.0-11,4, p < 0,01) y neutropenia (OR 4,1, IC 1,5-11,4, p < 0,01) predicen el desarrollo de infecciones.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of multi-resistant microorganisms is a public health problem that continues to grow globally. There is a population that is mainly susceptible to being colonized and subsequently infected, and these are cancer patients. AIM: To identify the clinical and pathological characteristics of cancer patients and their relationship with infection with ESBL and CPE producing microorganisms. METHODS: A retrospective and analytical study was conducted between January 1, 2019 and June 30, 2020 in three hematooncological units. RESULTS: We included 3315 patients of which 217 (6.5%) were colonized by microorganisms producing ESBL and CPE. Of these, 106/217 (48.8%) had at least one episode of infection. The most frequently isolated microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae 29/106 (27.4%). Of those infected, 18/106 (17%) presented infection by the same colonizing microorganism. Mucositis (p = 0.002), age over 65 years (p = 0.041), hypoalbuminemia (p < 0.01), neutropenia (p < 0.01) and the presence of invasive devices (p < 0.01) demonstrated a relationship with development of infection. The presence of hypoalbuminemia (OR 3.3, CI 1.5-7.1, P < 0.01), invasive devices (OR 5.8, CI 3.0-11.4, p < 0.01) and neutropenia (OR 4.1, CI 1.5-11.4, p < 0.01) predict the development of infections.

Establishment of a nomogram model for predicting necrotizing enterocolitis in very preterm infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in very preterm infants and establish a nomogram model for predicting the risk of NEC.@*METHODS@#A total of 752 very preterm infants who were hospitalized from January 2015 to December 2021 were enrolled as subjects, among whom 654 were born in 2015-2020 (development set) and 98 were born in 2021 (validation set). According to the presence or absence of NEC, the development set was divided into two groups: NEC (n=77) and non-NEC (n=577). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the independent risk factors for NEC in very preterm infants. R software was used to plot the nomogram model. The nomogram model was then validated by the data of the validation set. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, and the calibration curve were used to evaluate the performance of the nomogram model, and the clinical decision curve was used to assess the clinical practicability of the model.@*RESULTS@#The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that neonatal asphyxia, sepsis, shock, hypoalbuminemia, severe anemia, and formula feeding were independent risk factors for NEC in very preterm infants (P<0.05). The ROC curve of the development set had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.833 (95%CI: 0.715-0.952), and the ROC curve of the validation set had an AUC of 0.826 (95%CI: 0.797-0.862), suggesting that the nomogram model had a good discriminatory ability. The calibration curve analysis and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed good accuracy and consistency between the predicted value of the model and the actual value.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Neonatal asphyxia, sepsis, shock, hypoalbuminemia, severe anemia, and formula feeding are independent risk factors for NEC in very preterm infant. The nomogram model based on the multivariate logistic regression analysis provides a quantitative, simple, and intuitive tool for early assessment of the development of NEC in very preterm infants in clinical practice.

Alterações hidroeletrolíticas em pessoas com cirrose / Hydroelectrolytic alterations in cirrhotic patients

O objetivo deste estudo foi evidenciar e discutir as principais alterações hidroeletrolíticas em pessoas com cirrose. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, de natureza qualitativa. Os artigos foram selecionados por meio da plataforma Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online. Os principais achados identificados a partir dos artigos selecionados foram a ocorrência de hiponatremia, o mau prognóstico diante da presença de distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos em relação à sobrevida em pessoas com cirrose e a importância da albumina. Indivíduos com cirrose são suscetíveis ao desenvolvimento de distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos devido às mudanças fisiopatológicas da doença e às condições clínicas apresentadas. A hiponatremia e a hipocalemia são os mais recorrentes, destacando, porém, a necessidade de atenção aos demais distúrbios. (AU)

The objective of this study was to show and discuss the main hydroelectrolytic alterations in cirrhotic patients. This is an integrative review, a qualitative study, in which articles were selected at the Medical literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online. The main findings identified in the articles selected were the occurrence of hyponatremia, the poor prognostic, due to the presence of hydroelectrolytic disorders, regarding cirrhotic individuals survival and the importance of albumin. Individuals with cirrhosis are susceptible to the development of hydroelectrolytic disorders due to the pathophysiological alterations of the disease and because of the clinical status presented. Hyponatremia and hypokalemia are the most recurrent, but attention shall be given to the other disorders too. (AU)

Lupus eritematoso sistémico en actividad y cociente albúmina/globulina invertido, ¿hallazgo propio de la enfermedad? / Systemic Erythematosus Lupus and Albumin-Globulin Index, a specific finding in lupus flares?

Introducción: El lupus eritematoso sistémico es el modelo clásico de enfermedad autoinmune. En el desarrollo de la enfermedad intervienen varios tipos de inmunoglobulinas, con predominio de la IgG, IgM e IgA. Objetivo: Describir la utilidad del cociente albúmina/globulina como un indicador de actividad en el lupus eritematoso sistémico. Desarrollo: Se estima que el 50 por ciento de los pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico muestran una hipoalbuminemia con una hipergammaglobulinemia. La hipoalbuminemia en mayor medida está relacionada con la presencia de nefritis lúpica. La mitad de los pacientes con nefritis lúpica presentan proteinuria en el orden del síndrome nefrótico. Esta proteinuria iguala o invierte parcialmente el valor del cociente albúmina/globulina. El cociente albúmina/globulina invertido por sí solo es insuficiente para afirmar la presencia de actividad en el lupus eritematoso sistémico. Se deben excluir otras entidades clínicas causantes de hipergammaglobulinemia policlonal. Los criterios de actividad del lupus eritematoso sistémico incrementan la sensibilidad del cociente albúmina/globulina invertido. Conclusiones: La interpretación del cociente albúmina/globulina debe ir aparejada a la estimación de actividad por los criterios clínicos de mayor uso (SLICC, SLEDAI, BILAG). No en todos los pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico puede interpretarse como criterio de actividad, por lo que es necesario excluir otras entidades clínicas(AU)

Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus is the model of autoimmune disease. Several types of immunoglobulins are involved in the development of the disease, mainly IgG, IgM and IgA. Objective: To describe the potential use of the albumin/globulin ratio as an indicator of activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Development: fifty percent of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus exhibit hypoalbuminemia with hypergammaglobulinemia. Hypoalbuminemia is mainly related to the presence of lupus nephritis. The half of patients with lupus nephritis develops proteinuria with values of nephrotic syndrome. The proteinuria equals or partially reverses the albumin/globulin ratio. The inverted albumin/globulin ratio is insufficient to establish the presence of lupus activity. Other clinical entities producing polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia should be excluded. The systemic lupus erythematosus activity criteria increase the sensitivity of the inverted albumin/globulin ratio. Conclusions: The interpretation of the albumin/globulin ratio requires the activity estimation by different clinical criteria (SLICC, SLEDAI, BILAG). The inverted albumin/globulin ratio cannot be interpreted as a stand-alone indicator of disease activity in every systemic lupus erythematosus patients(AU)

Toxicidad sistémica por anestésicos locales en paciente con hipoalbuminemia severa. Reporte de un caso / Case report Local anesthetic toxicity due to hypoalbuminemia

Local anesthetics are drugs widely used to perform peripheral nerve blocks. Signs and symptoms of toxicity may vary from mild to severe, including neuro and cardiotoxicity, with seizures and cardiac arrest. We present the case of an 85-year-old patient in total left knee replacement plan due to tibial saucer fracture, where systemic toxicity was observed by local anesthetics (LAST) after performing a femoral nerve block guided by neurostimulation and ultrasound with a solution of 20 ml of 0.525% ropivacaine + 0.6% lidocaine. As a positive data, the patient presented severe hypoalbuminemia

Los anestésicos locales son fármacos ampliamente utilizados para realizar bloqueos nerviosos periféricos. Los signos y síntomas de toxicidad pueden variar de leves a severos, incluidas la neuro y cardiotoxicidad, con convulsiones y paro cardíaco. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 85 años de edad en plan de reemplazo total de rodilla izquierda debido a fractura de platillo tibial, donde se observó toxicidad sistémica por anestésicos locales (LAST por su sigla en inglés) después de realizar un bloqueo del nervio femoral guiado por neuroestimulación y ultrasonido con una solución de 20 ml de ropivacaína al 0,525% + lidocaína al 0,6%. Su único antecedente médico era presentar hipoalbuminemia severa.

Is hypoalbuminemia a predictor for acute kidney injury after coronary bypass grafting in diabetes mellitus patients?

Abstract Objective: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most important complications after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedure. Serum albumin, which is an acute phase reactant, is suggested to be associated with AKI development subsequent to various surgical procedures. In this study, we research the relation between preoperative serum albumin levels and postoperative AKI development in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients undergoing isolated CABG. Methods: We included a total of 634 diabetic patients undergoing CABG (60.5±9.1 years, 65.1% male) into this study, which was performed between September 2009 and January 2014 in a single center. The relation between preoperative serum albumin levels and postoperative AKI development was observed. AKI was evaluated and diagnosed using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classification. Results: AKI was diagnosed in 230 (36.3%) patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent predictors of AKI development. Proteinuria (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.066 [1.002-1.135]; P=0.043) and low preoperative serum albumin levels (OR and 95% CI, 0.453 [0.216-0.947]; P=0.035) were found to be independent predictors of AKI. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, albumin level <3mg/dL (area under the curve: 0.621 [0.572-0.669], P<0.001) had 83% sensitivity and 10% specificity on predicting the development of AKI. Conclusion: We observed that a preoperative low serum albumin level was associated with postoperative AKI development in patients with DM who underwent isolated CABG procedure. We emphasize that this adjustable albumin level should be considered before the operation since it is an easy and clinically implementable management for the prevention of AKI development.

Mortalidad en pacientes con enfermedad renal. Instituto de Nefrología. 2016 y 2017 / Mortality in patients with kidney disease. Institute of Nephrology, 2016 and 2017

Introducción: La Enfermedad Renal Crónica es un problema de salud mundial. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la mortalidad en pacientes con enfermedad renal en el Instituto de Nefrología durante 2016 y 2017. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal de pacientes fallecidos con necropsia realizada. Se registraron variables demográficas, de laboratorio, las relacionadas con la terapia de reemplazo de la función renal y con el diagnóstico anatomo-patológico. Para cada una de las variables se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativas. En el caso de la variable presencia de sepsis en las defunciones, fue empleada la prueba de chi-cuadrado para la bondad del ajuste, para probar la hipótesis nula H0: de igualdad de la distribución de las tres categorías de la variable. Resultados: Se estudiaron 48 fallecidos con necropsia, 48,9 por ciento del total de fallecidos en el periodo. La correspondencia clínico patológica fue 80,1 por ciento. Predominó el sexo masculino, el grupo de edad superior a 60 años y la hipertensión arterial como antecedente. El método de terapia de reemplazo renal más documentado fue la hemodiálisis, mediante catéter venoso central un 87,8 por ciento. El 61,8 por ciento de los fallecidos recibieron tratamiento hemodialítico por 3 meses o menos. La sepsis fue la segunda causa de muerte precedida por eventos cardio y cerebrovasculares; no obstante, en el análisis de la totalidad de necropsias, la infección asociada directa o indirecta a la muerte tuvo una frecuencia mayor. Conclusiones: La infección directa o indirectamente asociada a la muerte, la hipoalbuminemia y el acceso vascular mediante catéter se relacionan con la mortalidad en el periodo(AU)

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is a health problem worldwide. Objective: To determine the behavior of mortality in patients with kidney damage in the Nephrology Institute during the years between 2016 and 2017. Material and Method: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted in 48 deceased patients who underwent necropsy. Demographic and laboratory variables were recorded, as well as those related to the type of renal function replacement therapy and the anatomopathological diagnosis. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for each of the variables. In the case of the variable presence of sepsis in deaths, the Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test was used to test the Null Hypothesis HO: uniformity of the distribution of the three categories of the variable. Results: A total of 48 deceased were studied at necropsy, representing 48.9 percent of the total number of deaths within the period. The clinical- pathological correlation was 80.1percent. The male sex, the group over the age of 60 years, and arterial hypertension as antecedent of the disease predominated in the study. The most documented method of renal function replacement therapy was hemodialysis which was performed through central venous catheter, 87.8 percent. The 61.8 percent of deceased patients received hemodialysis treatment for 3 months or less. Sepsis represented the second cause of death preceded by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. However, during the analysis of all the necropsies, the direct or indirect infection associated with the death had a greater frequency. Conclusions: Direct or indirect infections associated with death, hypoalbuminemia, and the vascular access with venous catheter was related to mortality during the observed period(AU)

Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Disseminated Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial Disease / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To explore the clinical and laboratory characteristics and the prognosis of disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacteria(NTM)diseases in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)negative patients. Methods Cases of disseminated NTM disease were retrospectively collected in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2012 to October 2018.Clinical manifestations,laboratory findings,treatment,and prognosis of these cases were retrieved from the electronic medical record system. Results Among the 23 HIV negative patients with disseminated NTM disease,21 had underlying diseases,with rheumatoid immune disease(n=7)as the most common one.The main clinical manifestation was fever(n=23).Laboratory tests showed anemia [hemoglobin(85.78±25.47)g/L],hypoalbuminemia [albumin 29(27-32)g/L],elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate [(85.73±43.78)mm/h] and hypersensitive C-reactive protein [(112.00±70.90)mg/L],and reduction of lymphocyte count [0.69(0.29-2.10)×10 /L].Lymphocyte subset analysis indicated reduction in CD4 T cells [213(113-775)/μl],CD8 T cells [267(99-457)/μl],B cells [39(4-165)/μl],and NK cells [88(32-279)/μl] and elevation of human leukocyte antigen-D related(HLA-DR),and CD38 expression in CD8 T cells [HLA-DR CD8 /CD8 ,60(40-68)%;CD38 CD8 /CD8 ,81(65-90)%].The most common species of NTM was Mycobacterium intracellular(n=6).Lymphocyte,CD8 T cell,B cell,and NK cell counts were significantly lower in dead patients than surviving patients(P =0.045,P=0.045,P=0.032,and P=0.010,respectively). Conclusions Disseminated NTM disease in HIV negative patients is mainly manifested as fever,anemia,hypoalbuminemia,and elevated inflammatory indicators.It is more likely to occur in immunocompromised patients.Patients with decreased lymphocytes,CD8 T cells,B cells and NK cells tend to have a poor prognosis.

The New Cutoff Value of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient on Predicting Long-Term Survival in Cirrhotic Patients

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the prognostic role of the categorized hemodynamic stage (HS) based on the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) in patients with portal hypertension. METHODS: Of 1,025 cirrhotic patients who underwent HVPG measurement, data on 572 non-critically-ill patients were collected retrospectively between 2008 and 2013. The following two HS categorizations were used: HS-1 (6–9, 10–12, 13–16, 17–20, and > 20 mmHg; designated as groups 1–5, respectively) and HS-2 (6–12, 13–20, and > 20 mmHg). Clinical characteristics, mortality rates, and prognostic predictors were analyzed according to the categorized HS. RESULTS: During the mean follow-up period of 25 months, 86 (15.0%) patients died. The numbers of deaths in HS-1 groups were 7 (6.3%), 7 (6.9%), 30 (18.0%), 20 (15.6%), and 22 (34.4%), respectively (P 20 mmHg; HR, 5.45) and intermediate model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (HVPG, 13–20 mmHg; HR, 3.86 and HVPG > 20 mmHg; HR, 8.77; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Categorizing HVPG values according to HS-2 is a useful prognostic modality in patients with portal hypertension and can play an independent role in predicting the prognosis in patients with hypoalbuminemia and an intermediate MELD score.

Triggers and Outcomes of Falls in Hematology Patients: Analysis of Electronic Health Records / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The goal was to use electronic health records to identify factors and outcomes associated with falls among patients admitted to hematology units. METHODS: This retrospective case-control study included data from a tertiary university hospital. Analysis was done of records from 117 patients with a history of falls and 201 patients with no history of falls who were admitted to the hematology unit from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014. Risk factors were analyzed using hierarchical logistic regression; patient outcomes were analyzed using multiple logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards regression, and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Clinical factors such as self-care nursing (OR=4.47, CI=1.64~12.11), leukopenia (OR=6.03; CI=2.51~14.50), and hypoalbuminemia (OR=2.79, CI=1.31~5.96); treatment factors such as use of narcotics (OR=2.06, CI=1.01~4.19), antipsychotics (OR=3.05, CI=1.20~7.75), and steroids (OR=4.51, CI=1.92~10.58); and patient factors such as low education (OR=3.16, CI=1.44~6.94) were significant risk factors. Falls were also associated with increased length of hospital stay to 21.58 days (p < .001), and healthcare costs of 17,052,784 Won (p < .001). CONCLUSION: These findings can be a resource for fall prevention education and to help develop fall risk assessment tools for adults admitted to hematology units.

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Prediction of Early Complications after Gastrectomy in Elderly Patients with Gastric Cancer: the Phase Angle Measured Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

PURPOSE: Phase angle obtained using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) provides a relatively precise assessment of the nutritional status of elderly patients. This study aimed to evaluate the significance of phase angle as a risk factor for complications after gastrectomy in elderly patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 210 elderly patients (aged ≥65 years) who had undergone gastrectomy for gastric cancer between August 2016 and August 2017. The phase angle cutoff value was calculated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis according to sex. A retrospective analysis regarding the correlation between early postoperative complications and well-known risk factors, including the phase angle, was performed. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of two or more comorbidities (odds ratio [OR], 3.675) and hypoalbuminemia (OR, 4.059) were independent risk factors for overall complications, and female sex (OR, 2.993) was independent risk factor for severe complications. A low phase angle (OR, 2.901 and 4.348, respectively) and total gastrectomy (OR, 4.718 and 3.473, respectively) were independent risk factors for both overall and severe complications. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that preoperative low phase angle predicts the risk of overall and severe complications. Our findings suggest that BIA should be performed to assess the risk of postoperative complications in elderly patients with gastric cancer.

Factors Affecting the Response to First-Line Treatments in Patients with Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is the most common type of autoimmune encephalitis. This study aimed to explore the possible factors affecting the response to first-line treatments in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. METHODS: We enrolled 29 patients who were diagnosed as anti-NMDAR encephalitis between January 1, 2015, and June 30, 2018. They were divided into the remission and nonremission groups according to their response to first-line treatments. The demographics, clinical manifestations, main ancillary examinations, follow-up treatments, and prognosis of patients were recorded. The symptoms reported on in this study occurred before treatments or during the course of first-line treatments. RESULTS: There were 18 patients (62.07%) in the remission group and 11 patients (37.93%) in the nonremission group. Compared to the remission group, a higher proportion of the patients in the nonremission group exhibited involuntary movements, decreased consciousness, central hypoventilation, lung infection, and hypoalbuminemia. The nonremission group had a high incidence of increased intracranial pressure and significant elevations of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in peripheral blood (NLR), aspartate aminotransferase, and fibrinogen. Six patients (54.55%) in the nonremission group received second-line immunotherapy. Only one patient (3.45%) died, which was due to multiple-organ failure. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-NMDAR-encephalitis patients with more symptoms—especially involuntary movements, disturbance of consciousness, central hypoventilation, and accompanying hypoalbuminemia and pulmonary infection—may respond poorly to first-line treatments. Positive second-line immunotherapy therefore needs to be considered. Admission to an intensive-care unit, increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and increased NLR might be the significant factors affecting the response to first-line treatments.

Are there differences in risk factors, microbial aspects, and prognosis of cellulitis between compensated and decompensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cellulitis is a common infection in patients with liver cirrhosis. We aimed to compare risk factors, microbial aspects, and outcomes of cellulitis in compensated and decompensated hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis. METHODS: Six hundred twenty consecutive HCV-related cirrhotic patients were evaluated for cellulitis. Demographic and clinical data were evaluated, along with blood and skin cultures. Severity of cirrhosis was assessed using Child-Pugh score. In-hospital mortality was assessed. RESULTS: Seventy-seven (12.4%) cirrhotic patients had cellulitis (25 with compensated and 52 with decompensated disease). Smoking and venous insufficiency were risk factors of cellulitis in compensated cirrhosis. Leg edema, ascites, hyperbilrubinemia and hypoalbuminemia were risk factors in decompensated cirrhosis. Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus pyogenes) were the infective organisms in compensated patients, while gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were the predominant organisms in decompensated cirrhosis. Fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) were detected in 3 decompensated cases. In-hospital mortality in patients with cellulitis was 27.3%, approaching 100% in decompensated patients with gram-negative cellulitis. Prolonged hospitalization, higher model for end-stage liver disease (MELD)-Na score, septic shock, local complication, and recurrent cellulitis were predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Cellulitis in compensated cirrhosis is different from that of decompensated patients regarding microorganisms, pathogenesis, and prognosis. Cellulitis has a poor prognosis, with mortality rates approaching 100% in decompensated patients with gram-negative cellulitis. Stratifying patients according to severity of cirrhosis is important to identify the proper empirical antibiotic and to decide the proper means of care.

Circulating Permeability Factors in Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a common chronic glomerular disease in children characterized by significant proteinuria with resulting hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Renal biopsy findings of diffuse foot processes effacement on electron microscopy and minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), or diffuse mesangial proliferation on light microscopy. It has been speculated that circulating permeability factors would be implicated in the pathogenesis of NS because they have been reportedly detected in the sera of patients and in experimental models of induced proteinuria. Moreover, a substantial portion of the patients with primary FSGS recurrence shortly after transplantation. This report reviews the current knowledge regarding the role of circulating permeability factors in the pathogenesis of proteinuria in NS and suggests future targeted therapeutic approaches for NS.

Congenital Analbuminemia in a Korean Male Diagnosed with Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the ALB Gene: The First Case Reported in Korea

Congenital analbuminemia (CAA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by extremely low serum levels of albumin. CAA is caused by various homozygous or heterozygous mutations of the ALB gene. Patients often exhibit no clinical symptoms, aside from rare accompanying conditions, such as fatigue, ankle edema, and hypotension. This case report describes the case of a 28-year-old asymptomatic Korean male referred to our center with hypocalcemia, vitamin D deficiency, and hypoalbuminemia who was diagnosed with CAA. To determine the cause of hypoalbuminemia in the patient, laboratory tests, radiological examination, and DNA sequencing were performed. The patient was confirmed to not exhibit any other clinical conditions that can induce hypoalbuminemia and was diagnosed with CAA using DNA sequencing. The present case of CAA is the first to be reported in Korea.

Risk factors for peptic ulcer disease in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving dialysis

BACKGROUND: Compared to the general population, patients with end-stage renal disease have more gastrointestinal symptoms and a higher prevalence of peptic ulcer. Risk factors for peptic ulcer disease in patients with end-stage renal disease, however, remain poorly defined. This study aims to better identify those risk factors. METHODS: We analyzed 577 patients with end-stage renal disease from 2004 to 2016. We excluded patients with life-threatening conditions. All patients underwent upper endoscopy. We analyzed patient medical records, medication history, and endoscopic findings. Independent sample t test, chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and multiple logistic regression analysis were used in statistical analyses. RESULTS: Of the 577 patients with end-stage renal disease, 174 had peptic ulcer disease (gastric or duodenal ulcer). Patients on hemodialysis had a higher prevalence of peptic ulcer disease than those on peritoneal dialysis. Patients with peptic ulcer disease had lower serum albumin level and higher blood urea nitrogen level than those without peptic ulcer disease. Positive scores on two or more nutritional indices (albumin, serum cholesterol, uric acid, and creatinine levels) were associated with peptic ulcer disease in end-stage renal disease. CONCLUSION: Hemodialysis, hypoalbuminemia, and multiple malnutrition indices were associated with the prevalence of peptic ulcer disease in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving dialysis.

Síndrome nefrótico del lactante: presentación de caso clínico / Nefrotic infant syndrome: clinical case report

El síndrome nefrótico se define por proteinuria de rango nefrótico (40 mg/m2/hora o relación proteína/creatinina de orina 200 mg/ml o 3+ proteína en tira reactiva de orina), hipoalbuminemia (25 g/L) y edema. El presente caso clínico se centra en la clasificación, epidemiología, fisiopatología, estrategia de manejo y pronóstico del síndrome nefrótico exclusivo del lactante, como etiología los más frecuentes asociados son mutaciones en genes que codifican las proteínas reguladoras y estructurales de la barrera de filtración glomerular. Estas mutaciones han sido identificadas en: NPHS1, NHPS2, WTI, LAMB2, mediante Biopsia Renal la lesión histológica más frecuente es la Glomerulonefritis mesangial difusa proliferativa con esclerosis, suele ser de mal pronóstico y con tendencia a fallo de tratamiento o cortico-resistencia terminando en falla renal y diálisis. Se presenta paciente femenina lactante mayor de 17 meses de edad, sin antecedentes durante el periodo perinatal, con síntomas característicos de síndrome nefrótico, a su corta edad, sin antecedentes infecciosos, presentando relación proteína/creatinina en orina positiva, llamando la atención los resultados de biopsia renal de la misma, ya que se sale de las lesiones histológicas más frecuentes a esta edad...(AU)

Enfermedad de Ménétrier en niños: reporte de dos casos / Two cases of Menétrier's disease in children

Resumen Se presentan 2 casos de enfermedad de Ménétrier (EM) remitidos a nuestra institución por síndrome edematoso. Esta enfermedad de poca prevalencia es una gastropatía hipertrófica perdedora de proteínas que en la mayoría de los casos es de causa desconocida, aunque se ha asociado con procesos infecciosos. Se caracteriza por edema, hipoproteinemia, hipoalbuminemia y, en la infancia, es de carácter benigno y autolimitado.

Abstract We present two cases of Menétrier's Disease (MS) referred to our institution due to edema. The prevalence of this disease is low. It is a hypertrophic gastropathy which causes loss of proteins and which has unknown causes in the majority of cases although it has been associated with infectious processes. It is characterized by edema, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia. In childhood it is benign and self-limited.

Características de los electrolitos de pacientes adultos que acuden por emergencia médica a un hospital general de Lima, Perú / Characteristics of serum electrolytes of adult patients who come by medical emergency to a general hospital in Lima, Peru

El número de pacientes con desnutrición que demanda servicios de emergencia en hospitales de Lima-MINSA, es considerable y podría relacionarse con alteraciones del medio interno. Tener una idea objetiva cómo esta característica puede ser relevante en esta demanda es importante. Objetivos: Estudiar la magnitud e importancia de las alteraciones electrolíticas en pacientes internados en la emergencia de un hospital nivel III (MINSA Lima-Perú). Material y métodos: Estudio trasversal descriptivo y analítico de los electrolitos en pacientes que acudieron al servicio de emergencia de adultos del Hospital Cayetano Heredia (Lima-Perú) en setiembre del 2016, seleccionado al azar y admitidos para observación mayor de 48 horas. Se consideró el nivel de albúmina sérica, la azoemia y gasometría coexistente al momento del control de los electrolitos. Resultados: La alteración electrolítica más frecuente observada en 206 pacientes fue hipocalcemia (46,7%); seguida de hiperfosfatemia (32,3%), hiponatremia (24,7%) e hipermagnesemia (18,9%). La hipoalbuminemia <3,0 g/dl estuvo presente en 50,56% y <2,6 g/dl en el 31,4% de los casos. La albuminemia solo mostró correlación significativa con la calcemia (r=0,47; p=0,002) y la natremia (r=0,233; p=0,028). La hiperfosfatemia estuvo relacionada a un modelo dependiente de la creatinina sérica, alcalosis respiratoria y cáncer. La hipomagnesemia e hipermagnesemia se relacionaron con bajos y altos valores de creatinina y urea, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de pacientes con hipoalbuminemia que demandaron servicios de emergencia fue notablemente alta, y su relación más relevante estuvo relacionada con disturbios de la calcemia y la natremia. Otros disturbios relevantes fueron los relativos al magnesio, situación que requiere estudio más exhaustivo. (AU)

Patients with malnutrition who demand emergency services in Lima-MINSA hospitals, is considerable and could be related to alterations of the internal medium. Having an objective idea how this feature can be relevant in this patients demand is important. Objectives: To study the magnitude and importance of electrolyte alterations in hospitalized patients in the emergency of a level III hospital (MINSA Lima-Perú). Methods: Descriptive and analytical cross- sectional study of electrolytes in patients who attended the emergency service of adults of the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (Lima-Perú) in September 2016, selected by chance and admitted for observation> 48 hours. The level of serum albumin, azotemia and coexisting gasometry at the time of electrolyte control was considered. Results: The highest frequency of electrolyte alteration observed in 206 patients was hypocalcemia (46.7%); followed by hyperphosphatemia (32.3%), hyponatremia (24.7%) and hypermagnesemia (18.9%). Hypoalbuminemia <3.0 g/ dl was present in 50.56% and <2.6g/dl in 31.4%. Albuminemia only had a significant correlation with calcemia (r=0.47; p=0.002) and natremia (r=0.233; p=0.028). Hyperphosphatemia was related to a model dependent on serum creatinine, respiratory alkalosis and cancer. Both, hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia were related with low and high creatinine and urea values respectively. Conclusions: The frequency of patients with hypoalbuminemia who demanded emergency services was remarkably high, and their most relevant relationship was related to calcemia and natremia disturbances. Other relevant disturbances were related to magnesium, a situation that requires more exhaustive study. (AU)